Which of the following situations requires informed consent?

Informed consent is a critical aspect of patient autonomy and ethical medical practice, particularly in situations where there are potential risks, significant consequences, or when the procedure is complex. A surgical procedure, as indicated in this scenario, typically involves invasive techniques that may carry risks such as complications, pain, and the need for anesthesia.

Obtaining informed consent means that the healthcare provider must thoroughly explain the procedure, including its purpose, potential risks and benefits, alternatives, and what to expect post-procedure. The patient must then demonstrate their understanding and voluntarily agree to proceed with the surgery. This ensures not only that the patient is making an informed choice but also protects the healthcare provider legally and ethically.

Other situations listed, such as routine blood pressure checks, general check-ups, and administering a flu shot, generally involve less risk and complexity. These procedures usually require implied consent, which can be understood through the patient's cooperation and participation, rather than a formal consent process.